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What's Hot Right Now: Experiencing the Heat, Whether You Like It or Not

2025-04-21 12:27:48 By Linda Davis

The weather is quite chilly outside, prompting Victor to focus on warmer ideas. Today’s hot topic revolves around heat, particularly the ongoing debate regarding the temperature threshold at which air-circulating fans lose their cooling efficacy. Interestingly, there isn’t a unified scientific opinion on this matter: some research indicates that fans become ineffective when temperatures reach the low to mid-90s, while other studies suggest they can still provide relief even in the triple-digit range. Fortunately, we’re far from experiencing such extremes today.

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The identification of a new category of particles may advance quantum mechanics to the next level.

View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Excitonic pairing and the fractional quantum Hall effect in a quantum Hall bilayer. Source: Naiyuan J. Zhang et al. In the intriguing realm of quantum physics, subatomic particles often defy the conventional laws of physics. They have the astonishing ability to be in multiple locations simultaneously, traverse solid objects, and transmit information instantaneously over great distances. While these phenomena might appear to be beyond belief, researchers in the quantum domain are investigating a variety of characteristics that were once considered unattainable. A recent study conducted by physicists at Brown University has revealed the existence of a new category of quantum particles known as fractional excitons. These particles exhibit unusual behaviors that could greatly enhance researchers' comprehension of the quantum domain. "Our research suggests the existence of a completely new category of quantum particles that possess no net charge and adhere to distinct quantum statistical behaviors," stated Jia Li, an associate professor of physics at Brown University. "The most thrilling aspect of this discovery is that it reveals a variety of new quantum phases of matter, paving the way for future research, enhancing our comprehension of fundamental physics, and potentially creating new opportunities in the realm of quantum computing." Along with Li, the research was carried out by three graduate students—Naiyuan Zhang, Ron Nguyen and Navketan Batra—and Dima Feldman, a professor of physics at Brown. Zhang, Nguyen and Batra are co-first authors of the paper, which was published in Nature on Wednesday, Jan. 8. The team's research focuses on a phenomenon called the fractional quantum Hall effect, which extends the principles of the classical Hall effect. In the classical Hall effect, when a magnetic field is applied to a material carrying an electric current, it results in the generation of a transverse voltage. The quantum Hall effect, observed under conditions of very low temperatures and strong magnetic fields, reveals that the lateral voltage rises in distinct, discrete increments. In the case of the fractional quantum Hall effect, these increments take on an even more unusual nature, as they rise by fractional values—representing a fraction of the charge of an electron. In their study, the researchers created a configuration consisting of two slender layers of graphene, a two-dimensional nanomaterial, positioned apart by an insulating crystal made of hexagonal boron nitride. This arrangement enabled them to precisely manage the flow of electrical charges. Furthermore, it facilitated the generation of excitons, which are particles produced by the pairing of an electron with a corresponding absence of an electron, referred to as a hole. The researchers subsequently subjected the system to extraordinarily powerful magnetic fields, millions of times more intense than those on Earth. This enabled the team to detect the unique fractional excitons, which exhibited a remarkable array of behaviors. Fundamental particles are generally classified into two main types. Bosons are particles that can occupy the same quantum state, allowing multiple bosons to coexist without limitation. Conversely, fermions adhere to the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two fermions can be in the same quantum state at the same time. The fractional excitons detected in the experiment, however, did not neatly align with either category. Although they displayed the fractional charges anticipated in the study, their behavior exhibited features characteristic of both bosons and fermions, functioning almost as a blend of the two. This resemblance made them akin to anyons, a class of particles that exist between fermions and bosons. Nevertheless, the fractional excitons possessed distinct properties that distinguished them from anyons as well. Zhang stated, "This surprising phenomenon indicates that fractional excitons might constitute a completely new category of particles possessing distinct quantum characteristics. Our research demonstrates that excitons can be found within the fractional quantum Hall regime, and notably, some of these excitons emerge from the coupling of particles with fractional charges, leading to the formation of fractional excitons that exhibit behavior unlike that of bosons." The discovery of a novel category of particles may eventually enhance the methods by which information is stored and processed at the quantum level, potentially resulting in quicker and more dependable quantum computers, the researchers highlighted. "We've essentially opened up a new avenue for investigating and interacting with this phenomenon, and we're just starting to uncover its potential," Li remarked. "This is the first instance where we've experimentally demonstrated the existence of these particles, and now we’re exploring further into what they could reveal." The upcoming phases for the team will focus on investigating the interactions of these fractional excitons and exploring the potential for controlling their behavior. Feldman remarked, "It seems as though we're touching the very essence of quantum mechanics. This is an element of quantum mechanics that we were previously unaware of, or at the very least, didn't fully recognize until now." More information: Naiyuan J. Zhang et al, Excitons in the fractional quantum Hall effect, Nature (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08274-3. www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08274-3 Supplied by Brown University This story was originally published on Phys.org. Subscribe to our newsletter for the latest sci-tech news updates.

10 Key Discoveries About the Ancient Large-Cranial Fossils Found in Northern China

View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Wikimedia Commons The unearthing of ancient human fossils at the Xujiayao site in northern China stands out as one of the most captivating archaeological discoveries. Scientists have found 21 fossil fragments, and the unique characteristics of their skulls have raised many inquiries regarding the course of human evolution. Below are ten intriguing revelations about these “big-headed” individuals and the information their remains provide. The Significance of Xujiayao in Prehistoric Times View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Flappiefh/Wikimedia Commons The Xujiayao archaeological site, located in northern China, is estimated to be around 125,000 to 100,000 years old. It provides valuable insights into an era when archaic humans lived alongside early modern humans. This site is particularly significant due to the finding of hominin fossils that exhibit distinctly large cranial capacities. What Makes Their Skulls Distinctive? View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Erald Mecani/维基百科  Cranial remains discovered at the Xujiayao site indicate that brain sizes varied from 1,600 to 1,800 cubic centimeters, surpassing those of contemporary humans and Neanderthals. Scientists are currently exploring whether this brain size correlates with cognitive functions or represents evolutionary responses to particular environmental challenges. Characteristics That Combine Tradition and Modernity View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Hong Ao/Wikipedia Page  The fossils exhibit an intriguing combination of ancient and contemporary characteristics. The robust cranial walls and prominent brow ridges are reminiscent of Homo erectus, while the larger braincases and rounded skulls are more akin to those of early Homo sapiens. This blend of features suggests a complicated evolutionary history. Connections to Denisovans View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Gary Todd/Wikipedia Page  Certain researchers propose a link between the Xujiayao individuals and Denisovans, a hominin group that is not well understood but has been identified through genetic evidence. The hypothesis gains support from observed similarities in skull structure and their close geographical location, although definitive DNA evidence to confirm this connection is still lacking. Insights From Burnt Remains View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Laurentius/Wikipedia 可能指的是有关Laurentius的维基百科页面。Laurentius通常与历史人物、地方或文化相关联，具体内容可能包括他的生平、贡献及相关事件。您可以在维基百科上查找更多详细信息和背景资料。  The presence of ash deposits and charred animal bones at the site indicates the deliberate use of fire, a key characteristic of sophisticated hominin activity. Fire offered not only warmth and safety from predators but also significantly contributed to cooking, enhancing food digestibility and increasing energy consumption.  What Their Teeth Disclose View pictures in App save up to 80% data. SSYoung/Wikipedia Unique dental characteristics, including shovel-shaped incisors, offer insights into the dietary habits of the Xujiayao people, suggesting they consumed tough and fibrous foods. The presence of thick enamel and noticeable wear patterns on their teeth indicates a varied diet that likely included raw vegetation, meat, and potentially hard items such as tubers or nuts. Social Organization and Support Systems View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Skinner Prout/Wikipedia   The existence of individuals spanning different age groups suggests a well-organized and unified social community. Fossils of older members, some displaying evidence of healed wounds or signs of aging, further support this notion. Such a degree of social structure implies that this community likely placed a high value on collaboration and support for one another. The Potential for Interbreeding View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Wolfgang Sauber/Wikipedia页面 The characteristics found in the Xujiayao fossils suggest the likelihood of interbreeding among different hominin species. Both genetic and anatomical findings indicate potential interactions with Denisovans, Neanderthals, or early Homo sapiens. This interbreeding might account for the unique mix of ancient and contemporary traits identified in these fossils. The Enigma of Thick Skull Bones View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Xiu-Jie Wu / Wikimedia Commons  The Xujiayao fossils exhibit exceptionally thick cranial bones, which have led to a range of hypotheses among scientists. One possibility is that these robust skulls offered enhanced protection during confrontations or mishaps. Another theory suggests that this trait could be an evolutionary response to environmental pressures, such as frigid temperatures or increased levels of physical exertion. Innovation in Tools for Adaptation View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Gary Todd/Wikipedia Page  The sophisticated tools discovered at the Xujiayao site showcase the creativity and resourcefulness of its early inhabitants. Made from materials sourced in the surrounding area, these implements reflect not only remarkable craftsmanship but also the cognitive foresight necessary to design objects tailored for particular functions. Comparative Analysis Across Asia View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Xiu-Jie Wu / Wikimedia Commons  The Xujiayao fossils exhibit significant resemblances to other Pleistocene finds in China, such as the Dali and Jinniushan skulls. These similarities offer crucial information regarding the variety of hominin groups in East Asia. Through the comparison of these discoveries, researchers are slowly unraveling the intricate narrative of human evolution within this area.

When realities clash

Is it possible for something and its contrary to both be true? View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Danish scientist Niels Bohr I was puzzled to understand Bohr’s meaning. If a “profound” statement is true, how could its opposite be true? When I put the question to a friend of mine, a professor of philosophy at the University of Massachusetts, he replied noncommittally. Good teacher that he is, he wanted me to work it out for myself. So I started thinking harder. I realized that there are many accurate statements the negative of which is also accurate. For example, “A lot of people like chocolate” is true, and so is “A lot of people don’t like chocolate.” But those aren’t really opposites, since “a lot of people” by definition excludes other people. Besides, Bohr’s aphorism refers to profound opposing truths — he surely had something more in mind than shallow statements of taste or opinion. Nor was he likely to be merely restating the truism that life is full of seeming paradoxes, many of them captured in proverbs that contradict each other. “Never judge a book by its cover” discounts the importance of external appearances, while “Clothes make the man” emphasizes their importance. “Absence makes the heart grow fonder” articulates an emotional reaction that countless people have experienced — but so does “Out of sight, out of mind.” All such clichés are astute in some situations and clueless in others. Like much folk wisdom, they are context-dependent — not expressions of fundamental and immutable truths. As I pondered the question, various answers started to form in my mind. Bohr was a pioneer of quantum theory — a field famous for addressing apparent internal contradictions. For centuries, scientists had debated whether light consisted of waves or of particles. Bohr was among the earliest physicists to understand that both approaches, though apparently mutually exclusive, are true. Light behaves like a particle and like a wave — profound truths whose opposites are also true. Eureka! Just as scientific principles can exemplify Bohr’s findings, I pondered, so too can faith provide insights. As someone who practices a religion, I firmly believe that God possesses complete knowledge of all occurrences—whether they belong to the past, present, or future. At the same time, I hold that humans are endowed with free will to make their own choices. This creates an unavoidable contradiction: If God knows everything that will happen, how can our actions be genuinely free? Conversely, if we have authentic free will, how can God accurately foresee what lies ahead? To be sure, philosophers and theologians have grappled with this tension and proposed various ways of reconciling it. Still, it strikes me as an elegant demonstration of Bohr’s maxim that contradictory truths can both be profound and meaningful. Thus, to provide an alternative perspective on Bohr’s statement, one might consider Abraham Lincoln’s succinct characterization of America in the Gettysburg Address, where he describes the nation as one "conceived in liberty and committed to the idea that all men are created equal." Liberty and equality exist in a state of fundamental opposition. When Americans are granted total freedom to chase their personal goals and desires, true equality among individuals becomes unattainable. Conversely, ensuring equality for all necessitates some limitations on American liberty. This dynamic is less about finding a resolution to a contradiction and more about continuously adjusting the balance between the two. This perspective aligns with Bohr’s principle. Central to the American experiment is a timeless paradox: the struggle between liberty and equality. These concepts are perpetually at odds, yet they remain intrinsically linked. I initially tackled Bohr’s paradox as a riddle to be solved. What I take away from it is a challenge to embrace complexity. Truths can be profound and contradictory — a timeless reminder that life’s greatest insights sometimes defy logic. Jeff Jacoby can be reached at [email protected]. Follow him on X @jeff_jacoby.

Consensus Guidelines for Histological and Clinical Reporting in HS

View pictures in App save up to 80% data. The following is a summary of “Standardized Protocols for Clinical and Histopathological Characterization of Hidradenitis Suppurativa Tissue Specimens,” published in the January 2025 issue of Dermatology by Sampath et al.  The absence of standardized protocols for the description and reporting of clinical and histological features of skin tissue samples from patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) impedes consistent data collection, documentation, and communication. This is essential for advancing translational research, even in light of a recent agreement on the morphology of HS lesions.   A team of researchers carried out a retrospective analysis aimed at developing a standardized protocol for documenting the histopathological and clinical features of HS tissue samples.   A study was conducted between May 2023 and August 2023, involving specialists in clinical care, dermatopathology, and translational research. In total, 27 experts took part, comprising 14 dermatologists, 3 fellowship-trained dermatopathologists, 3 plastic surgeons, 3 general surgeons, and 4 research scientists. The researchers employed a modified Delphi technique to create a protocol aimed at histologic reporting and clinical characterization of tissue samples from patients diagnosed with HS.    The findings indicated that a total of 27 specialists were involved in the creation and assessment of protocols for the clinical and histopathological analysis of HS tissue samples. This cohort comprised 14 dermatologists (51.9%), 3 dermatopathologists with fellowship training (11.1%), 3 plastic surgeons (11.1%), 3 general surgeons (11.1%), and 4 research scientists (14.8%).   Researchers determined that the structured protocols, delivered in the form of a summary report, would promote uniform classification of HS specimens in biobanks according to their histological characteristics. This would lead to improved accuracy in reporting and the selection of samples for translational research initiatives.  You have been educated on information available until October 2023.

Traffic Notice: Vale Street (January 9 & 13)

Weather permitting, on Thursday, January 9th, work crews from the Hagerstown Light Department will be replacing a utility pole on Vale Street.  In order to give the crews space to perform the work, a temporary street closure will be required.   Therefore, beginning at 9:00 AM, Vale Street will be closed to traffic between Security Road and Jefferson Street.  Motorists approaching the closure will be required to detour via other City streets, and will encounter cones, barricades, and other traffic control devices.  It is anticipated that the work will be completed, and the street reopened to traffic, by 1:30 Thursday afternoon.  This same closure will be repeated on January 13th, weather permitting.   Emergency vehicles will not be able to pass through Vale Street while the closure is in effect. For any inquiries related to this advisory, please reach out to the Hagerstown Light Department at 301-739-8577, extension 578.    View pictures in App save up to 80% data.

This undated image provided by Firefly Aerospace showcases the complete assembly of the Blue Ghost Mission 1 lunar lander.

On Tuesday, Firefly Aerospace, a US-based firm, announced its plans to launch a lunar lander next week as part of an experimental NASA initiative that collaborates with the private sector to lower expenses. Thank you for joining the conversation! Most Recent Digital Edition Your browser is outdated and may pose security risks. We suggest updating to one of the following browsers: Everything is ready to go! View pictures in App save up to 80% data. View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Thank you . Your registration is complete, and you are successfully logged in. Please refer to your email for further information.

Boeing Starliner crew members continue to stay occupied aboard the ISS, yet they express a desire to return home in the future.

View pictures in App save up to 80% data. On Wednesday, January 8, 2025, NASA astronauts Butch Wilmore, Nick Hague, Don Pettit, and Suni Williams engaged in a conversation from the International Space Station with NASA Administrator Bill Nelson and Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy. (NASA) Having officially spent seven months aboard the International Space Station, the two NASA astronauts who traveled on Boeing's Starliner last June are preparing for a hectic schedule in the new year as they anticipate their return flight in the spring. Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams reached the International Space Station (ISS) on June 5 aboard the Starliner. However, they stayed on the station after NASA opted to return the spacecraft without its crew due to safety concerns. The two astronauts connected with fellow NASA members Nick Hague and Don Pettit for a conversation from the ISS with NASA Administrator Bill Nelson and Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy on Wednesday. “I’d like to request Butch and Suni to clarify once and for all the questions that reporters keep bombarding me with regarding your situation. They’re worried about you being stranded, lacking clothes, and food,” Nelson stated. “Could you please put these concerns to rest for good? I sincerely hope you won’t have to address this again. How are you both doing?” Wilmore stepped in to clarify that during the duo's initial flight on Starliner, which was initially intended to last just eight days, they encountered some clothing challenges. This was due to Starliner needing to transport emergency equipment to ensure the bathroom was operational, resulting in the pair having to forgo some of their personal items. “It was common knowledge that we arrived here and exchanged a few components we required on the space station for some of our clothing. We ended up wearing those clothes for a period, but it didn't inconvenience us at all. Up here, clothes are more relaxed in fit. Unlike on Earth, where sweating can make things uncomfortable, here they are loose enough that you can wear them for weeks without any issue.” Since the arrival of Crew-9 last fall, the duo has been provided with a new wardrobe, according to him, and this mission will ultimately serve as the return journey for Williams and Wilmore. He also mentioned that everyone on the vessel is well-nourished. "I've never witnessed anyone consume as much food as Don Pettit does. It's incredible to see this man eat, especially considering how slim he is. It's truly a delight to behold," Wilmore remarked. Melroy reaffirmed her commitment to dispelling the “stranded” narrative that has circulated in various media outlets regarding the prolonged stay of the Starliner astronauts. “So what you're saying is that you're not tapping into 'Cast Away,' and you don't possess a volleyball marked with a handprint that you refer to as Wilson,” Melroy remarked. Williams, currently serving as the commander for what is now Expedition 72, remarked that there is an overwhelming amount of work to focus on, leaving little room for such contemplations. “Not at all, we have a full team here, so that’s not a concern. Plus, there’s plenty of work to tackle with the crew down below,” she mentioned. “We conducted numerous scientific experiments during SpaceX’s cargo resupply mission 31. Upcoming spacewalks are on the agenda as well. Things were quite hectic while we awaited Nick (Hague) to arrive. It’s truly been a pleasure working up here, especially alongside our colleagues on the opposite side of the space station.” Williams and Hague are scheduled to undertake at least one spacewalk later this month, while Wilson and Wilmore may participate in a second one the following week. “It’s an amazing team, and honestly, it doesn’t feel like we’re isolated. Sure, we want to return home eventually, since we’ve been away from our families for some time, but there’s plenty to accomplish while we’re here,” Williams remarked. “We need to finish all our tasks before we can head back.” The astronauts of Starliner were formally integrated into the Crew-9 team when the SpaceX Crew Dragon Freedom docked on September 29, piloted by Commander Hague, accompanied by mission specialist Aleksandr Gorbunov from Roscosmos. The two astronauts traveled with two vacant seats, allowing Wilmore and Williams to catch a ride back home. Crew-9 will remain at the International Space Station until Crew-10 arrives, which is scheduled to launch in late March. This suggests that Crew-9 might not come back to Earth until early April, as there typically is a handoff period of about a week following the arrival of a replacement crew. Consequently, Wilmore and Williams could end up spending nearly 10 months aboard the spacecraft. NASA's Pettit has joined the team after arriving via a Soyuz spacecraft, and he is scheduled to head back home on the same vehicle in March. This week, Williams has ascended to the second position for the total number of days spent in space by a NASA astronaut. With a remarkable 538 days accumulated over three missions to the ISS since 2006, she now follows in the footsteps of Peggy Whitson, a former NASA astronaut and current Axiom Space employee, who has an impressive record of over 675 days in space. Whitson is also set to add to her total as she prepares to take command of the Axiom 4 mission later this year.

California and Washington Rank Among the Top 5 States with the Highest Grocery Costs

View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Timmy! After my recent grocery store visit, I looked at the receipt, and my jaw dropped. My wife typically handles the grocery shopping because, in her opinion, I can't be relied upon (and she’s not wrong). The total cost for a bag of groceries along with a case of soda came to $64. I was aware that prices were soaring, but wow, I really wasn't keeping track. After my shock, the article from TheHill.com really didn’t surprise me at all. All I can say is thank goodness we’re not shopping in California! View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Canva On average, American households spend more than $1,000 a month on groceries, breaking down to just about $270 a week, according to a new study via HelpAdvisor. HelpAdvisor ran the numbers from the U.S. Census Bureau to fill a shopping bag with stats. It's hardly surprising that families with kids tend to have higher expenses, but the fact that they spend nearly 41% more than those without children is striking. (My wife and I only have a dog, and I'm pretty sure our little fur-ball wasn't part of this survey). Which States Have the Highest Grocery Expenditures? When analyzing the data by state (recall my comment about how grateful we are not to be grocery shopping in California?), it turns out that California has the highest average weekly grocery expenditure for families, which stands at $297.72. Washington ranks 4th, following Nevada and Mississippi, with an average store expenditure of $287.67. Who spends the most on groceries at stores in Washington? Seattle takes the lead with the highest prices! Moving to California, San Francisco holds the top spot, closely followed by Los Angeles. Are you surprised by these stats? How do you save money at the store? Comparison shop? Coupons? Five Finger Discount? Tap the App and let us know! CHECK IT OUT: 20 American dishes that surprise people from other countries Stacker compiled a list of 20 unusual and uniquely American foods that might raise eyebrows outside the U.S. Gallery Acknowledgment: Charlotte Barnett Top grocery store chains in the United States The most popular grocery stores in America, from corporate chains to family-owned enterprises. Stacker ranked them using consumer ratings sourced from YouGov polls. Gallery Acknowledgment: Stacker

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A recent survey indicates that most Americans are looking to enhance their financial habits in 2025. Conducted with a sample of 2,000 individuals, the survey revealed that over 40% (42%) anticipate experiencing a “holiday hangover” this year. Almost half (49%) of respondents intend to take a break in January, opting for a more subdued and less social lifestyle, and […] Search for a nearby business. Your browser is outdated and may pose security risks. We suggest upgrading to one of the following browsers: You're good to go! View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Thank you . Your account registration is complete, and you are now successfully logged in. Please look in your email for more information.

Mysterious and Unidentified Formations Discovered Beneath the Pacific Ocean

The formations might be new or old, but scientists remain uncertain. View pictures in App save up to 80% data. Here is a representation of the locations of cooler material within the mantle, made possible by an innovative computer model. Image Credit: Sebastian Noe / ETH Zurich. Geoscientists have leveraged earthquake data to investigate the makeup of the lower section of the Earth's mantle beneath the Pacific Ocean, leading to some intriguing findings. They've identified regions where seismic waves exhibit unusual movement patterns, indicating the presence of structures that are either colder or possess a distinct composition compared to the adjacent molten rocks. The researchers characterize these structures as a significant enigma. It is unclear what these structures are. If they were anywhere else, they could be portions of tectonic plates that have sunk in a subduction zone. But the Pacific is one large plate, so there should be no subduction material under it. The researchers are also uncertain about what kind of material these deep structures are made of or what this means for the internal structure of the planet. "That's our dilemma. With the new high-resolution model, we can see such anomalies everywhere in the Earth's mantle. But we don't know exactly what they are or what material is creating the patterns we have uncovered," Thomas Schouten, first author and doctoral student at the Geological Institute of ETH Zurich, said in a statement. The existence of numerous cold areas within the mantle implies that they may have originated at various points in time and from diverse sources. These regions are not solely the result of subduction plates from the past 200 million years. Schouten elaborated, "We believe that the irregularities in the lower mantle stem from multiple sources. They might be remnants of silica-dense substances that have existed since the mantle's formation around 4 billion years ago, managing to endure the convective shifts within the mantle. Alternatively, these anomalies could represent areas where iron-laden rocks have gathered due to the mantle's movements over the span of billions of years." Further efforts are required. The team relies solely on one characteristic of seismic waves—their speed—to deduce a great deal about the processes occurring beneath our surface. Despite having impressive models, it remains a challenge to derive all necessary information from this single aspect. We cannot physically access the Earth's interior to observe its contents.   "Schouten explained, 'We need to assess the various material parameters that could account for the observed velocities of the different wave types. In essence, we must investigate the material characteristics that influence wave speed more thoroughly.'" A paper describing these findings is published in the journal Scientific Reports.